Mr. Gentry’s Western Cultures class
Unit 7- World War II
Notes:
1.
World
War I and the Treaty of Versailles- ruined economies,
fear of Communism,
(20’s-30’s)
2.
Rise
of fascism (extreme
nationalism –the state is more important than any individual) –Italy (Mussolini) and Germany (Hitler) Both had totalitarian governments
3.
Communism
in Soviet Union under Stalin
–(Totalitarian government)
4.
China
in civil war between Communists
(Mao Zedong) and Nationalists (Sun Yixian and
Jiang Jieshi)
5.
Militarism
in Japan- aggression in Manchuria, China (1931)
6.
Americans
remain neutral- policy of isolationism
7.
Spanish
Civil War- Fascists (Francisco Franco) win with
support in this “practice war”
8.
1930’s-
Rome- Berlin- Tokyo Axis
(non-aggression pact with agreement to fight communism)- what 3
countries?
9.
Italy-
(Mussolini) becomes aggressive and takes Ethiopia
and claims land in Europe
10.
Germany
(Hitler) re-arms, moves army into Rhineland, Austria (1938) to create the Aunschlus or union ,
11.
Hitler
takes Czechoslovakia- after
being given the Sudetenland
at the Munich conference of
1938 (Appeasement- to give
into)
12.
Stalin and Hitler sign Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact,
Britain and France agree protect Poland,
Hitler and Stalin invade Poland
(1939)
Sept 1, 1939- Germany
attacks Poland with Blitzkrieg or
“Lightening War” as Stalin invades from the East –it took a month
Stalin
occupies the Baltic States (Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania)
French
hide behind the Maginot Line in a Phony War
Germany
attacks Norway and then Denmark, The Netherlands, and Belgium
Germany
attacks France in May of 1940 as the French and British troops escape to
Britain during the “Miracle of Dunkirk”
France
falls on June 22, 1940 – France surrenders in the same railroad car that
Germany signed the WWI Armistice in and they set up Occupied France and Vichy France
with a puppet government
Axis
(Italy) forces attack British held Egypt
but are defeated. Then Germans, under Rommel
(“The Desert Fox”) help them win many battles but is eventually stopped by General Montgomery (Br)
Technology
is increasing- Radar, Sonar, air bombing, paratroopers, tanks, etc.
Germany
attacks Britain by air to prepare for an invasion, (daily attacks of London
that became known as the Battle of
Britain)- they failed to win and could not invade so they attacked the Soviet Union (1941)
The
German operation against the Soviets
stalled in the winter as they approached Moscow
and Leningrad –scorched earth tactics and the harsh winter defeated the
Germans (2.5 million Soviets killed) (what other army leader tried this?)
Early
1941- U.S. Congress passes the Lend-Lease
Act to supply arms and money to those countries that were believed to be
necessary to U.S. defense (Britain, France, Russia, etc.)
The
FDR and Churchill meet in August of 1941 and decided on war goals and a
plan for the world after WWII- this Atlantic
Charter was a secret meeting held at sea
Japan
advances into Southeast Asia and
then on December 7, 1941 Attacks Pearl
Harbor, (U.S. Declares war on the Axis) and then proceeded to take more
territory in the South Pacific
Japanese: Set out to create the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere” to “free Asia from the Western colonial
rule” but instead they used the countries and people for their own purposes too
and often times far more harshly than the original colonizers.
Germans: Set up puppet governments
when they were inhabited
by “Aryans,” and occupied those areas where “Aryans”
were not
living The Slavs of Eastern Europe were considered
inferior and
were forced into labor in the German War Industries.
They also attempted to kill all people that were judged to be racially inferior
or bad for the German race– including Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, mentally ill,
handicapped, and homosexuals. – This would eventually mean that 6 million Jews
and 5 million others would be killed. When some resisted, their entire villages
or group could be killed.
The
Tide Turns- World War II (1942-1945)
(Allied
Victory)
After the U.S. enters the war,
the “Big Three” – Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin, agree to win the war in Europe
first. (these three distrusted each other)
The Allies switched to war
production and rationing of essential goods (such as rubber, steel, butter,
silk, etc), while some people (some Japanese-Americans were placed in internment camps till the war ended)
Women worked in war industries, in non-combat positions in the military and even in
combat in the Soviet army
Turning Points in the War:
1.
El Alamein, Egypt (British win) and the
Americans trap Rommel (German) who then surrenders
North Africa (1942)
2.
Allies
Invade Sicily and then
Italy. Italy surrenders
after Mussolini is overthrown. He is rescued
by Germany and the fighting against Germans went on in Italy (Hitler now
fighting two wars)
3.
The
Russians defeat the Germans at the battle of Stalingrad (that cost the Germans 300,000 men) The Russians then proceed to push
the Germans out of the Soviet Union and into Eastern Europe (by early 1944).
4.
The
Allies Attack at Normandy on June 6, 1944- called
D-Day. This set up a third war for the Germans. The Allies had liberated France by the end of September.
5.
Americans
had lost the Philippines in May of 1942, but started
winning again at the Battle of Coral Sea and then the Battle of Midway. (their aircraft carriers were destroyed). They then
started Island-hoping, to gain islands closer to
Japan in order to bomb them (in 1944)
6.
As
the Allies advance on Germany and continue bombing their cities and factories,
the Germans make their last major advance that became known as the Battle of the Bulge.
7.
Mussolini is executed by Italian
guerrillas
8.
The
Allies move toward Berlin where Hitler commits suicide
and they surrender the next day (May 8, 1945- called V-E Day )
9.
In
1945, Japan still had an army of 2,000,000 men
yet very little navy or air force left.
10.
Japan
was given an ultimatum by the allies: “surrender or face “utter and complete
destruction.” They failed to surrender so the new U.S. president, Harry Truman, gave the OK to drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945.
11.
The
Russians declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria
on August 8, 1945
12.
August
9, 1945- A-Bomb is dropped on Nagasaki and the next day Emperor Hirohito forces the cabinet to surrender. The surrender was
officially signed on September 2, 1945 and the Americans then occupied Japan
with their own army
The Aftermath
of The War:
· Japan is forced to accept new constitution under the leadership of General
Douglas MacArthur
· Germany is divided into occupation zones by the allied armies and much of Europe is
left devastated with many refugees, destroyed cities, food
shortages, disease, and much more.
· The total war had killed as
many as 75 million people with 22 million from
the Soviet Union alone.
· War crimes trials were held in
Nuremberg Germany, Italy, and Japan to
show that leaders could be held responsible.
· The United Nations was formed in 1945 to promote and maintain world
peace (stronger than the League of Nations)
· The “Cold War” developed between the Soviet Union and the United
States as they both had different ideas and goals for the world.
· Stalin used force to set up “puppet” governments in the countries they had occupied during
the war and the Americans grew afraid, as Stalin desired to take over the
world. (He was also building protection for his country from the possibility of
German invasion again)
· Churchill described the new
order in Europe as an “Iron
Curtain”
that separated the communist Soviets and their “Satellite countries” from the democracies of the west
· Truman establishes the Truman Doctrine, that said the U.S. would protect any free people
who are opposing outside pressures or armed minorities inside. They also attempted
to keep communism from spreading in a policy called “containment”
· The U.S. offered billions of
dollars in European countries to help them rebuild and to establish friendships
under the “Marshall Plan”
· The cold war tensions increase
and West Berlin is blockaded but supplied by
the Berlin Airlift for over a year before
Stalin backs down
· 1949- The U.S. and its allies
form the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) and in 1955- the Soviets form the Warsaw Pact. These are Military alliances to protect against the other group.
· Each side of this new divided
world (U.S. and Soviets) built up their army and tried to stay ahead of the
other at all times. This is called an “arms race”
· The “Cold War” would last for another 40 years
Assignments:
1.
What
treaty was blamed for many of the problems after WWI?
2.
What
type of government did they have in Russia that was a one party dictatorship
and was also totalitarian in the way it ran?
3.
What
do we call extreme nationalism where the state is more important than the
individual people and the government is run as a dictatorship?
4.
What
country took part of China because it needed the resources that could be found
there? (China was weak the too)
5.
Identify
the 2 parties and their leaders who were fighting a civil war in China when
Japan took part of their country
Party______________________
Leader_____________________
Party______________________
Leader_____________________
6.
What
was America’s official policy concerning involvement in foreign problems?
7.
What
was the effect of this American Policy?
8.
Why
did other counties get involved in the civil war in Spain?
9.
Who
won the civil war in Spain and what kind of government did he have?
10.
What
three countries formed a non-aggression pact and also agreed to fight
communism?
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
11.
List
the acts of aggression or disobedience of treaties that Hitler ordered which
brought Europe into war again.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
____________________________________________________________
Axis
Occupations
Web
worksheet
Directions:
1.
log onto http://darteach.tripod.com
and proceed to the course outline section
2.
click on the link for Unit 7
3.
Click on the link for the
web assignment and the work your way through the worksheet by clicking on the
links on the web-page and answering the
questions below.
1.Read
the introduction to this web-sight:
( http://www.gotrain.com/dan/nanking1.htm )and then explain how the Japanese
occupations differed from that of the German occupations.
2.
Using the same web-sight as # 1 – read below the introduction to explain what
happened when Japan attacked Nanking in China.
3.
The
following web-sight:
( http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/kic/a06/e/3/t1/t1_13.html ) tells about the Japanese occupations but is
given in less detail and is from the Japanese perspective. How is it different
from the story told in the last web-sight?
4.
Why
would the above two web-sights be different in the amount of information
given and the way in which the story is told?
5.
The
Japanese had planned to take control of India and needed a supply route to be
able to do this. They decided on a train route from Bangkok to Burma (modern
day Myanmar) and decided to use POW’s to build this. Click around and skim over some of the pages on the
following web-sight and explain how they treated the prisoners they had
captured in battle. http://www.ean.co.uk/Bygones/History/Article/WW2/Death_Railway/