Unit 4- The Industrial Revolution and its Impact.
These are the notes for the unit for your
information
*It began
in the mid-1700s in Britain and France as people used the scientific method to
find easier and more efficient ways to do things.
*The French revolution
slowed things in France and Britain pulled ahead as the leading nation in the
Industrial Revolution
A. The Agriculture Revolution
1.
new
crops from the Americas- corn and potatoes
2.
new
technologies- crop rotation 1730’s-Charles Townsend)
3.
New
farm machines- seed drill (Jethro Tull), steel plows, mechanical reapers and
threshers
4.
The
enclosure movement- (1700’s) –fencing in public lands by wealthy landowners
(efficient, yet displaced small farmers)
5.
Effects-
better nutrition and more food= more population to work
B.
Changes
in textile Industry
1.
domestic
system of cloth production couldn’t keep up with demand
2.
New
inventions- flying shuttle (1733), spinning jenny (1764), water frame- for
spinning (1769), spinning mule (1779), power loom ( 1785), cotton gin (1793)-
making Britain the cotton manufacturing center of the world.
3.
Factory
system gradually replaced the domestic system
C.
development
of the steam Engine
1.
1698-
early 1700’s- steam pumps were dangerous and broke down
2.
1760’s-
Watt’s steam engines were better and usable for industry
D. Development of the iron and
Coal Industries
1.
steam
engines required iron and coal
2.
coke
(from coal) is used to replace charcoal and procedures to make iron more pure
in the 1780’s and Britain expanded production.
3.
Bessemer
process used in 1850’s to produce steel –(stronger than iron)
E.
Advances
in transportation and Communication
1.
Canals
(1st in 1759) and more roads were built (1700’s) and then in the first railroads (1829) which improved
through the 1800’s, steam also began to be used in ships (1st in
1807).
2.
Telegraph
(1837) and underwater cable in 1851 (GB to FR)
F.
Why
Britain led the Industrial revolution
*Agriculture revolution, laborers, iron and coal
resources, transportation systems, was established as a trading nation,
resources from its colonies provided wealth, raw materials, and a place to sell
goods, government supported industrialization, and social climate allowed poor
people to work and become richer.
· By the 1850’s industrialization had spread to Germany, France, Belgium, the U.S., and Japan
A. The Spread of
Industrialization
1.
French
technologies created patterned weaving and govt. helped industry while Belgium
and the U.S. shared the advantages that Britain had as they quickly industrialized and the U.S. took over as the leader. Germany expanded its industrialization
after national unity in 1871.
B.
Advances
in Science and Technology
1.
dyes,
chemical fertilizers, electrical batteries, electrical generators,
transatlantic telegraph cable (1866), the telephone (Bell-1876), radio, the
light bulb (Edison).
C.
A
Revolution in Transportation
1.
The
internal combustion engine (late 1800’s)
2.
Daimler
made first cars, Diesel made stronger engine
3.
New
advances created whole new industries for steel, petroleum, etc.
4.
Powered
flight –1903- Wright Brothers
D. New Methods of Production =
improved productivity
1.
Interchangeable
parts (Eli Whitney)
2.
Assembly
Lines ( Henry Ford)
3.
Mass
production – large quantities of identical goods
E.
Financing
Industrial growth
1.
A
corporation – shares or parts of the company sold to raise money
2.
Monopolies
formed as corporations bought out smaller companies
3.
Banks
invested in industry
4.
Trade
and investment had expanded around the world by the late a 1800’s
Section 3- Effects of Industrialization
· Before 1800’s most people lived in rural villages and towns. By 1900, between ½ and 1/3 of the people lived in cities in the industrialized countries
A. The Population Explosion
*between 1750 and 1914- European pop. grew from 140 to 463 million as a result of few wars, better sanitation, diet, and health care .
B. Problems of growing Cities
*Rapid growth as factories needed workers. Overcrowding in housing, little or no sanitation, no laws and little money for improvements, people all felt like stranger as they switched from farm life to factory life
C. Working in a Factory
*Dangerous and miserable working conditions, 12-16
hours a day, 6 days a week, low wages, child labor, no paid holidays, vacations
or sick days, and if injured, was fired with no pay
D. A new Social Structure
1.
Before:
Aristocracy, small middle class, skilled artisans, and the small farmers or
farm laborers
2.
After:
Aristocracy, growing Middle class with the richest competing with Aristocracy
for wealth, new social class of factory workers with the lowest rank in society
that would eventually band together and work for improvement
E. Changing Roles for Women
1.
Before:
most women worked at home and helped on the farm
2.
After:
most poor women worked in the factories and kept house
3.
After:
The middle class women stayed home and even hired help
1.
protests
to poor working conditions led to protests that were violent at times, while
the parliament sent soldiers to stop them
2.
in
1831- Parliament investigated the conditions and eventually won support from
middle class people and novelists such as Dickens
3.
The
factory act is passed in Britain in 1833-limiting child labor hours
4.
1842-
Mines act is passed –no women and no men under 13 in mines and 10-hour days for
men under 18. In 1874- 10 hour day was extended to all workers
1.
Early
formation of unions led to the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 to outlaw
unions (Britain)
2.
The
Combinations act was repealed in 1820’s but they could still not strike. This
right was granted in the 1870’s
3.
In
1880’s unskilled unions began to grow and become successful
1.
between
1870 and 1914, wages and conditions improved
and employers saw that they were actually more productive in better conditions.
Government also passed new laws to demand better conditions in FR, GB, and
Germ.
2.
Governments
also started to pass laws for insurance funds for sick and injured workers
3.
By
1914- better working and living conditions existed, and free public schools had
been set up in industrialized nations
* In FR and GB, cities built water and sewage
systems, cities were rebuilt, more and better housing was built, parks were
constructed, police forces were formed, cites started using gas and electric
lighting, electric streetcars were used and cities could expand. –things were
better for all
Chapter
22- Currents of Thought (1800-1914)
Section 1- New Ideas About organizing Society
without government
involvement
1.
Laissez
faire - proposed by the Physiocrats and then by Adam Smith in his book “The
Wealth of Nations”
2.
Malthus
believed that govt. should stay out of social problems so that the population
would not get to large
3.
Ricardo-
proposed the Iron law of Wages: increased wages means more children, more
workers mean lower wages and less children, fewer workers mean higher wages and
more children- (a cycle)
B. Calls for Reform
1.
Capitalist:
-individuals own industry and govt. should correct abuses. *Jeremy Bentham
(govt. involvement if a few caused misery for many) and John Stuart Mill
(called for govt. involvement, labor unions, and voting for women and men)
2.
Socialists:
government should own and control the means of production
C. Utopian Societies (experimental)
1.
Owen:
paid high wages and still made a profit (Scotland)
2.
Fourier:
communities for all to work as they could for the betterment of the community
as a whole- several of these (France and in the U.S.) were all failures (like communism)
3.
Blanc:
(Mid. 1800’s) called for government run cooperative workshops used the phrase:
“from each according to ability, to each according to need” this is picked up
by two Germans: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
D. Karl Marx and Scientific Socialism
1.
Marx
and Engels wrote the “Communist Manifesto,” calling for public ownership of all
land and means of production (communism)
2.
Marx
believed in what he called “Scientific Socialism” – believed that societies
have always been divided between the “haves” and the “have nots.”- He believed
that in Industrialized societies, the middle class bourgeoisie were the “haves”
and the working class proletariat were the “have nots.” He predicted
that the workers would rebel and overthrow the middle class and create a
classless society.
3.
The
problems with his view- people were able to raise their standard of living and
not remain in poverty (higher wages, better conditions, insurances,
unemployment, vacations, etc.). The workers also were nationalists and did not
want to be a part of an international association of workers
Chapter 22- Currents of
Thought (1800-1914)
A. Charles Darwin (British Biologists)
1.
Wrote:
“On the Origin of Species”
2. Believed in evolution of all species from simple
to complex
3. Believed this occurred as
a result of the survival of the fittest in each species
4. Many disagree with him on the grounds that it contradicts the biblical story of
creation by God
5. His theory was later applied to society by
Herbert Spencer –called Social
Darwinism (in economics,
nations, etc.)
B. Advances in Biology and Medicine
1. Weisman- identified two kinds of human cells
2. Mendel- Identified how organisms pass on traits
(genetics)
3. Pasteur- proved that bacteria exists and
developed pasteurization and vaccinations for bacterial infections and viruses
as well
4. Lister- developed ways to kill bacteria in
hospitals
C. Discoveries in Chemistry and Physics
1.
Dalton-
proposed that all atoms of a single element are the same- the basis for modern
Chemistry
2.
Mendeleev-
properties of elements are based on atomic makeup- created the periodic table
of elements
3.
Maxwell-
electric and magnetic energy moved in waves
4.
Roentgen
–x-rays
5.
Becquerel-
uranium had unusual properties
6.
Marie
and Pierre Currie- more work with radioactive elements
7.
Einstein
–(early 1900’s) –the theory of relativity and that matter and energy are
interchangeable
D. New fields of Study
1.
Sociology
(society) and Psychology (behavior)
2.
Comte-
believed in laws that govern societies
3.
Pavlov-dogs
and conditioned responses –thus some behavior is based on unconscious thought
4.
Freud-
unconscious part of mind controls much of human behavior- developed
psychoanalysis to help uncover the unconscious motives for behavior
Chapter 22- Currents of Thought (1800-1914)
* The arts reflected nationalism, advances in
science, industrialization, and the growth of cities as more people could
afford to buy and support the arts
A. The Rise of Romanticism in Literature (early
1800’s)
1.
Romanticism:
the idea that emotion, imagination, and intuition was better than intellect and
reason
2.
Lord
Byron, William Wadsworth, Percy Shelly, John Keats, Victor Hugo, Alexander
Pushkin, and others were romantics who expressed the romantic ideas
B. The Turn toward Realism in Literature (mid
1800’s)
*Honore de Balzac, Feodor Dostoevski, Leo Tolstoy,
Charles Dickens, and Thomas Hardy tried to show the world, people, the cities
and nature as it was.
C. Painting
1.
Eugene
Delacroix, John Constable, J.M.W. Turner were early 1800’s painters who were
considered Romantics and tried to “Romanticize” the world in painting
2.
Gustave
Courbet and Honore Daumier were two mid 1800’s painters who painted far more
realistically
3.
Renoire,
Degas, and Monet cam,e in the late 1800’s and were called imprtessionist
painters
4.
Cezanne,
Gauguin, and van Gogh became known as post-impressionist painters and had
styles all their own
D. Architecture
1.
Romantics
(early 1800’s) followed classic Greek and Roman styles
2.
Mid
1800’s- Gothic or Middle Ages architecture became popular again
3.
in
late 1800’s, steel made skyscrapers possible (Louis Sullivan)
4.
Frank
Lloyd Wright believed that “form follows function”- design should be based on
how it is to be used
E. Music
1.
Romanticism:
Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Berlioz, Liszt- emotion and nationalism
expressed in music
2.
Opera
flowered in this time: Verdi and Wagner
3.
Debussy:
later in 1800’s and rebelled against romanticism (more subtle moods)